Snow-white Amsterdam

With the arrival of commercially viable charge-coupled device (CCD) technology in the 1980s, first the pickup video-tubes were replaced with this kind of sensor. Later, higher scale integration electronics was applied (mainly by Sony), simplifying and even removing the intermediate optics, thereby reducing the size of home video cameras and eventually leading to the development of full camcorders. Current webcams and mobile phones with cameras are the most miniaturized commercial forms of such technology.